Inherent to and at the very core of the right to a fair criminal trial under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights is the concept of equality of arms procedural equality between the parties the construct given detailed and innovative treatment in this book. As a contextual prelude to a more specific analysis of this concept under Article 6 certain influential historical developments in trial safeguards which mark a centurieslong evolution in standards of and the value attributed to procedural fairness are identified to establish a background for Article 6 before its inception. Thereafter the book offers a thorough theoretical insight on equality of arms investigating its multifaceted value identifying its contemporary legal basis in Article 6 and wider international law and defining its fundamental constituent elements to elucidate its nature including its underpinning relationship with Article 63. The author argues that the most important of these constituent elementsthe requirement of disadvantageis not equated by the European Court of Human Rights with inequality in itself which would be a dignitarian interpretation but with inequality that gives rise to actual or in some circumstances inevitable prejudice. This proposition is the golden thread running through the analytical heart of the books survey of caselaw in which the Courts approach to procedural equality in practice is demonstrated and assessed within the context of the Article 63 rights to challenge and call witness evidence to adequate time and facilities and to legal assistance. The book is for both scholars and practitioners. It will not only provide an enhanced general understanding of procedural fairness safeguards and standards but will also provoke more specifically a new reflection on the concept of equality of arms. show more