Hierarchical Power Systems Control

1 Introduction: Basic Assumptions and Concepts. - 1. 1 Importance of the envisioned control structures in a changing industry. - 1. 2 System regulation issues affected by the vertical separation of the transmission grid from generation. - 1. 3 Organization of this text. - 2 The Nested Hierarchy as a System Structure in a Changing Industry. - 2. 1 Principles of existing horizontally structured electric power systems. - 2. 2 Industry changes leading to the nested hierarchy structure. - 2. 3 Examples of new industry arrangements as particular cases of the nested hierarchy structure. - 2. 4 The need for new control structures. - 2. 5 Can generation-based regulation be made price-competitive?. - 2. 6 Relevance of dynamic problem formulation over mid- and long-term horizons. - 3 Performance Criteria Relevant to Operating Interconnected Electric Power Systems. - 3. 1 Dynamics of system inputs to which the control responds. - 3. 2 Time frames for present performance objectives. - 3. 3 Modeling for systems control services in a changing industry. - 3. 4 Performance criteria at the subsystem level. - 3. 5 Static optimization in an open access system. - 3. 6 Static optimization of a horizontally structured system. - 3. 7 Present criteria for mid- and long-term dynamic performance. - 3. 8 Static performance criteria for reactive power/voltage support. - 3. 9 Summary. - 4 Structural Modeling and Control Design Using Interaction Variables. - 4. 1 Structural modeling. - 4. 2 Hierarchical control design. - 4. 3 Tertiary level coordination. - 4. 4 New tertiary-level aggregate model. - 4. 5 Comparison of the proposed control structures to those used at present. - 4. 6 Summary. - 5 Generation-Based Regulation of Real Power/Frequency. - 5. 1 State of the art and potential problems of frequency regulation. - 5. 2 New modeling. - 5. 3 Analysis. - 5. 4 Model derivations. - 5. 5 Control design. - 5. 6 Summary. - 6 Generation-Based Regulation of Reactive Power/Voltage. - 6. 1 Modeling. - 6. 2 Quasi-static voltage model. - 6. 3 Quasi-static interaction variables. - 6. 4 Voltage regulation. - 6. 5 Regional voltage control. - 6. 6 Tertiary coordination. - 6. 7 New tertiary level-aggregate models. - 6. 8 Summary. - 7 The Value of Generation-Based Regulation: Competition Versus Coordination. - 7. 1 Relevant optimality questions for determining the value of control services. - 7. 2 Control-dependent values of subsystems in a competitive environment. - 7. 3 Systems control structure-related issues. - 7. 4 Long-term stability of decentralized systems control services. - 7. 5 Achievable optimality as a function of the level of control co-ordination. - 7. 6 Limitations of existing systems control in a competitive environment. - 7. 7 Proposed approach to real-time systems control and its pricing in a competitive market. - 7. 8 Summary. - 8 Network-Based System Regulation. - 8. 1 Engineering issues and opportunities in operating power transmission grids of the future. - 8. 2 Recent changes affecting the transmission grid and their relation to the basic engineering issues. - 8. 3 A brief review of the present principles for regulating a transmission grid and the power system. - 8. 4 The basic planning problem on a transmission grid. - 8. 5 Operating problems using mechanically switched reactive devices. - 8. 6 Opportunities and problems presented by very fast regulation of the transmission grid: FACTS trends. - 8. 7 Direct flow control via FACTS devices. - 8. 8 Summary. - 9 Conclusions. - 9. 1 Summary of our approach to linking technical and economic processes under competition. - 9. 2 Relevance of our proposed modeling and control framework. - 9. 3 A Final Word. Language: English